WAEC 2025 AGRIC SCIENCE ANSWER


AGRIC. SCIENCE
1-10: CABDBDDABC
11-20: DABABACBDB
21-30: BCCACABBDC
31-40: BCDACBDCBD
41-50: DCCACBBCAD


(1a)
(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Climate change
(ii) Poor agricultural practices
(iii) Soil degradation
(iv) Inadequate infrastructure
(v) Political instability
(vi) Conflict and insecurity
(vii) Economic challenges
(viii) Poor access to markets
(ix) Population growth
(x) Pest and disease outbreaks

(1bi)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) West African Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP)
(ii) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
(iii) African Development Bank (AfDB)
(iv) National Agricultural Research Institutes
(v) National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS)
(vi) River Basin Development Authorities
(vii) National Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA)

(1ci)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Plowing
(ii) Harrowing
(iii) Planting
(iv) Irrigating
(v) Fertilizing
(vi) Spraying pesticides and herbicides
(vii) Cultivating
(viii) Harvesting
(ix) Tilling

(1cii)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) High cost of tractors
(ii) Limited access to credit
(iii) Inadequate financing options
(iv) Lack of tractor maintenance services
(v) Poor road infrastructure
(vi) Limited awareness of tractor benefits
(vii) Insufficient government support
(viii) Small farm sizes
(ix) Lack of proper training
(x) Cultural and traditional farming practices

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(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Leaching: Nutrients are washed down beyond the reach of plant roots by excessive rainfall or irrigation.
(ii) Soil erosion: Topsoil rich in nutrients is removed by wind or water.
(iii) Continuous cropping: Repeated planting without fallow or replenishment exhausts soil nutrients.
(iv) Bush burning: Destroys organic matter and beneficial soil organisms, reducing nutrient content.
(v) Harvesting of crops: Nutrients absorbed by crops are removed from the soil during harvest.
(vi) Overgrazing: Removes vegetation cover, exposing soil to erosion and nutrient loss.

(2bi)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Improves soil fertility by adding organic matter and nutrients.
(ii) Enhances soil structure, leading to better aeration and water retention.
(iii) Reduces soil erosion by providing ground cover.
(iv) Suppresses weeds through competition and shading.
(v) Encourages soil microbial activity, which improves nutrient cycling.

(2bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Requires time to decompose before planting main crops.
(ii) May compete for water and nutrients if not managed properly.
(iii) Increases labor cost due to extra cultivation practices.
(iv) Some green manure plants may host pests or diseases harmful to crops.
(v) May not be effective in very dry conditions, where decomposition is slow.

(2c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Leads to loss of biodiversity and extinction of plant and animal species.
(ii) Contributes to climate change by reducing carbon dioxide absorption.
(iii) Causes soil erosion, reducing land productivity.
(iv) Reduces rainfall by disrupting the natural water cycle.
(v) Destroys natural habitats and livelihoods of forest-dependent communities.
(vi) Promotes desertification, making land unfit for agriculture.

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(3a)


(3ai)
Maize Smut:

•Causal organism: Ustilago maydis

•Symptom:
Tumors on the stalks

•Preventive/Control measure:
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Use resistant varieties
(ii) Practice crop rotation
(iii) Remove and destroy infected plants
(iv) Avoid mechanical injury to maize plants

(3aii)
Damping Off of Tomato:

•Causal organism:
(PICK ANY ONE)
-Pythium specie.
-Phytophthota species
-Rhizoctonia solani
-Fusarium species

•Symptom:
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Seedlings rot at the base and collapse
(ii) Poor germination
(iii) Water-soaked lesions on stems near the soil line

•Preventive/Control measure:
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Use sterilized soil or seedling trays
(ii) Avoid overwatering
(iii) Ensure good drainage and aeration
(iv) Apply fungicide-treated seeds or soil fungicides
(v) Avoid overcrowding of seedlings

(3bi) Wind:
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Causes physical damage to crops by breaking stems and uprooting plants
(ii) Increases evaporation, leading to soil moisture loss
(iii) Aids the spread of pests and diseases
(iv) Causes wind erosion, removing topsoil and reducing fertility
(v) Assists in pollination for some crops like maize

(3bii) Light:
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Supports photosynthesis, essential for plant growth
(ii) Low light reduces yield and delays crop maturity
(iii) Excessive sunlight can cause heat stress and leaf scorch
(iv) Affects flowering and fruiting through photoperiodism
(v) Influences chlorophyll production and plant development

(3c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Logging
(ii) Bush burning
(iii) Farming and agricultural expansion
(iv) Urbanization and settlement
(v) Road construction
(vi) Mining
(vii) Overgrazing
(viii) Fuelwood harvesting
(ix) Industrial development
(x) Infrastructure expansion

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(4ai)
Seed.

(4aii)
75–90 cm between rows and 30–45 cm between plants.

(4aiii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) SAMCOT 9
(ii) SAMCOT 10
(iii) SAMCOT 11
(iv) SAMCOT 12
(v) BT Cotton
(vi) Desi cotton

(4aiv)
Hand-picked or mechanically harvested when bolls are fully open and dry.

(4av)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) bollworms
(ii) aphids
(iii) whiteflies
(iv) Cotton stainers

(4avi)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Spun into yarn for making clothes, fabrics, and textiles.
(ii) Used for extracting cottonseed oil, which is edible and used in cooking.
(iii) A by-product used as animal feed.
(iv) The short fiber left on seeds after ginning is used in paper and film production.
(v) Cotton is also used in medical supplies, padding, and insulation.

(4b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) It brings about higher yield
(ii) It facilities disease and pest resistance
(iii) It produces better fruit quality
(iv) Climate adaptability
(v) It has economic benefits
(vi) It improves nutrition
(vii) It fosters market expansion

(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Provide balanced layer feed regularly to ensure good egg production.
(ii) Supply clean, fresh water at all times.
(iii) Collect eggs at least 2–3 times daily to avoid breakage and maintain cleanliness.
(iv) Regularly clean cages, feeders, and drinkers to prevent disease.
(v) Observe birds daily for signs of illness and isolate sick ones.
(vi) Follow a proper vaccination schedule and treat diseases promptly.
(vii) Remove droppings frequently to reduce ammonia buildup and odor.
(viii) Maintain appropriate lighting (14–16 hours/day) to stimulate egg laying.
(ix) Keep accurate records of feed intake, egg production, mortality, and medication.
(x) Control rodents, flies, and other pests around the cages.

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(5ai)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Prevents stray animals from entering and destroying pasture.
(ii) Controls grazing by limiting animal movement, encouraging rotational grazing.
(iii) Protects young plants from being trampled or eaten before they mature.
(iv) Reduces conflict between farmers over livestock intrusion.
(v) Improves pasture management by allowing farmers to separate different pasture zones for specific uses.

(5aii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Prevents overgrazing, which can lead to land degradation.
(ii) Ensures enough feed for each animal, improving growth and production.
(iii) Promotes uniform grazing, helping pasture regrow evenly.
(iv) Reduces soil erosion, as well-managed pasture cover is maintained.
(v) Improves animal health, since overcrowding can cause stress and disease spread.

(5b)
(PICK ONE EXPLANATION FOR EACH)
(i) Culling:
This is the process of removing unproductive, diseased, or genetically inferior animals from a herd or flock to improve the overall quality and productivity of the remaining stock.

OR

Culling: This is the removing inferior or unproductive animals from a herd or flock to enhance overall quality and productivity

(ii) Dehorning:
This is the removal of the horns of livestock (especially cattle) to reduce injuries among animals and between animals and handlers, and to make handling and transportation easier.

OR

Dehorning: This is the removal of horns from livestock to prevent injuries and facilitate handling.

(iii) Castration:
This is the removal or inactivation of the testes in male animals to control breeding, reduce aggression, and improve meat quality (as castrated males often produce more tender meat).

OR

Castration: This is the rendering of male animals infertile to control breeding, reduce aggression, and improve meat quality.

(5c)
(i) Selection of viable seeds by use of seeds from high-yielding, disease-resistant parent plants.
(ii) Sow seeds in germination trays or beds and water regularly until sprouts appear
(iii) Transplanting seedlings into polybags filled with rich, well-drained soil when they are about 2–3 leaves old.
(iv) Watering regularly, applying fertilizers, and controlling pests and diseases.
(v) Transplanting to field after 12–15 months when seedlings are strong.

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(6ai)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Farm inventory:
Farm inventory refers to a detailed list of all the assets, materials, equipment, and supplies available on a farm at a given time.

OR

Farm inventory is a complete record of all farm assets and supplies at a particular time. It includes items like tools, machinery, livestock, seeds, and fertilizers used in farm operations.

(6aii)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Depreciation: Depreciation is the gradual reduction in the value of a fixed asset due to usage, wear and tear or passage of time.

OR

Depreciation is the loss in value of a fixed asset over time due to usage or age.

(6aiii)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Liability: Liability refers to the financial debts or obligations that a farm owes to external parties, such as banks, suppliers, or lenders.

OR

Liability refers to the financial obligations or debts a farmer owes to individuals or institutions.

(6aiv)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Salvage Value: Salvage value is the estimated resale or scrap value of a fixed asset at the end of its useful life.

OR

Salvage value is the estimated amount a farmer expects to receive from selling an asset after its useful life.

(6b)
(PICK ANY ONE)
The law of supply states that as the price of a commodity increases, the quantity supplied also increases, and as the price decreases, the quantity supplied decreases, all things being equal.

OR

The law of supply states that the higher the price of a commodity, the higher the quantity supplied, and the lower the price, the lower the quantity supplied, all other factors being equal.

(6bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Price of the produce
(ii) Cost of production
(iii) Weather conditions
(iv) Availability of storage facilities
(v) Government policies

(6c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Cause poisoning in animals
(ii) Cause wounds and injuries
(iii) Reduce grazing area
(iv) Lower nutritional value of pasture
(v) Serve as hosts for pests and diseases
(vi) Cause digestive disorders
(vii) Lead to low animal productivity