WAEC 2026 HISTORY ANSWER


NIGERIAN HISTORY
1-10: DBCCDDCADD
11-20: AABCCDDCDC
21-30: CCBDDCBDAA
31-40: BBDCDDCAAA
41-50: AABBBCCAAB


(1a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Bronze vessels
(ii) Bronze pots and bowls
(iii) Bronze ornaments and jewellery
(iv) Bronze staff heads
(v) Bronze pendants
(vi) Bronze swords
(vii) Copper objects
(viii) Iron objects
(ix) Glass beads
(x) Carnelian beads
(xi) Stone beads
(xii) Pottery (earthenware)
(xiii) Ivory objects

(1b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Incomplete Evidence: Archaeology provides limited information because many artefacts have been destroyed or lost over time. This makes it difficult for historians to obtain enough evidence to reconstruct a complete and accurate account of Nigeria's past.

(ii) Lack of Detailed Information: It cannot give detailed information about the names of rulers, dates of events, or political activities. Most archaeological findings only reveal the material culture of a people and not specific historical events.

(iii) High Cost of Excavation: Archaeological excavation is costly and time-consuming. It requires skilled experts and special equipment, which limits the number of sites that can be investigated and studied.

(iv) Possibility of Misinterpretation: Archaeological evidence can be wrongly interpreted. Different archaeologists may give different explanations for the same artefacts, leading to disagreements and uncertainty in historical reconstruction.

(v) Undiscovered Sites: Many archaeological sites are yet to be discovered. As a result, important historical information may remain hidden, making archaeological evidence incomplete for writing Nigerian history.

(vi) Inability to Explain Cultural Practices: Archaeology does not adequately explain the beliefs, customs, language, and traditions of past societies. Therefore, it cannot be relied upon alone in the study of Nigerian history.

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(2)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Trade: Trade relations existed among different Nigerian groups. People exchanged goods such as salt, kola nuts, fish, livestock, cloth, and agricultural products. Through these commercial activities, communities established regular contacts, shared ideas, and developed strong economic and social relationships across different regions.

(ii) Inter-marriage: Inter-marriages took place between members of different ethnic groups. These marriages strengthened family and social ties, encouraged the exchange of customs and traditions, and promoted peaceful coexistence. They also helped to reduce conflicts and foster unity among neighbouring communities.

(iii) Migration: Migration of people from one area to another promoted interaction among different groups. Migrants settled in new communities, shared their culture and knowledge, and adopted local practices. This movement of people encouraged cooperation, integration, and the development of lasting relationships.

(iv) Diplomacy: Diplomatic relations existed among many pre-colonial states and kingdoms. Rulers exchanged envoys, gifts, and messages to maintain friendly relations. Such diplomatic contacts promoted peace, settled disputes, strengthened alliances, and encouraged trade and cooperation among different Nigerian groups.

(v) Warfare: Warfare and military alliances brought different groups into contact. Although conflicts occurred, some communities formed alliances for defence and security. These interactions often resulted in political cooperation, territorial expansion, cultural exchange, and stronger relations between previously separate groups.

(vi) Religion: The spread of religion, especially Islam, encouraged interaction among various Nigerian peoples. Religious scholars, traders, and pilgrims travelled across different regions, spreading religious teachings and ideas. This movement of people promoted cultural exchange, understanding, and closer relations among communities.

(vii) Common Markets: Many communities met at periodic markets where people from different ethnic groups bought and sold goods. These markets served as important centres of interaction where ideas, customs, and information were exchanged, thereby strengthening economic and social ties among Nigerians.

(viii) Festivals: Traditional festivals and ceremonies attracted participants and visitors from neighbouring communities. During these events, people interacted freely, exchanged cultural practices, and developed friendships. Such gatherings promoted unity, mutual understanding, and stronger inter-group relations among different Nigerian peoples.

(ix) Craft Activities: Craftsmen such as blacksmiths, weavers, potters, and carvers exchanged skills and products with people from other communities. These activities encouraged economic cooperation, technological diffusion, and regular contact, thereby fostering cordial relationships and cultural interaction among different groups.

(x) Political Alliances: Some communities and states formed political alliances for protection, security, and mutual support. These alliances promoted cooperation in times of war and peace, strengthened political relationships, encouraged trust, and helped maintain stable and friendly relations among different groups.

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(3a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Bronze heads
(ii) Terracotta heads
(iii) Brass objects
(iv) Copper objects
(v) Stone sculptures
(vi) Glass beads
(vii) Opa Oranmiyan (granite monument)

(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) They were used for religious worship and rituals: The works of art were placed in shrines and sacred places where they played important roles in traditional worship. They were used during ceremonies to honour deities and served as objects through which the people expressed their spiritual beliefs.

(ii) They served as symbols of authority and royal power: Many of the artworks were associated with kings and members of the royal family. They helped to project the dignity, prestige, and legitimacy of rulers, thereby strengthening respect for traditional institutions and leadership.

(iii) They helped to preserve the history and traditions of the people: The artworks depicted important personalities, events, and cultural practices of Ile-Ife society. As a result, they served as historical records that enabled future generations to learn about their heritage and civilization.

(iv) They promoted the cultural heritage of the people: The works of art reflected the customs, beliefs, and way of life of the Ile-Ife people. They helped to maintain cultural identity and fostered a sense of pride and unity among members of the community.

(v) They beautified palaces, shrines, and public places: The artistic objects enhanced the appearance of important buildings and centres within the kingdom. Their presence created an attractive environment and demonstrated the high level of artistic achievement attained by the people.

(vi) They provided evidence of the artistic skill and civilization of the Ile-Ife people: The high quality and craftsmanship of the artworks showed that the people possessed advanced artistic knowledge and technical expertise. This contributed to the recognition of Ile-Ife as a great centre of civilization.

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(4a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Caliph (Sultan)
(ii) Emir
(iii) Waziri
(iv) Alkali
(v) Galadima
(vi) Madawaki

(4b)
(i) Centralized administration: The Sokoto Caliphate operated a centralized system of government headed by the Sultan at Sokoto. The Sultan served as both the political and religious leader and exercised authority over the various emirates. Emirs were expected to obey and implement the policies of the central government.

(ii) Emirate system of government: The Caliphate was divided into several emirates for easy administration. Each emirate was governed by an Emir appointed or approved by the Sultan. The Emirs managed local affairs, maintained law and order, collected taxes, and ensured loyalty to the Caliphate.

(iii) Islamic law as the basis of administration: The political system of the Sokoto Caliphate was founded on Islamic principles and Sharia law. Judges known as Alkalis administered justice according to Islamic teachings. This promoted uniformity in governance and helped maintain peace and order throughout the Caliphate.

(iv) Efficient taxation system: The Caliphate maintained a well-organized taxation system. Taxes such as Zakat, Jangali, and tribute were collected from the people and territories. The revenue generated was used to finance administration, support the military, and undertake public welfare activities.

(v) Consultative government: The Sultan governed with the assistance of important officials and advisers such as the Waziri, Galadima, and Madawaki. These officials helped in policy formulation and administration. This consultative approach ensured effective governance and reduced the chances of arbitrary rule.

(vi) Strong military organization: The Sokoto Caliphate maintained a disciplined military force for defence and expansion. The army protected trade routes, suppressed rebellions, and enforced the authority of the Sultan. Military strength contributed significantly to the stability and growth of the Caliphate.

(vii) Hierarchical administrative structure: There was a clear chain of command from the Sultan to the Emirs and other local officials. Duties and responsibilities were properly assigned at different levels of government. This structure ensured effective communication, coordination, and control across the vast territory of the Caliphate.

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(5)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Superior Weapons: The British possessed advanced military equipment such as machine guns, rifles, cannons, and warships, while most Nigerian states relied on traditional weapons. This military superiority enabled the British to defeat local armies easily and successfully impose their authority on many communities.

(ii) Disunity Among Nigerian States: Many Nigerian states and communities were divided by long-standing rivalries, ethnic differences, and frequent wars. The absence of a united front against the British allowed them to exploit these divisions, form alliances with some groups, and conquer others with little resistance.

(iii) Naval Power: Britain had a powerful navy that controlled the coastal waters and major rivers of Nigeria. This enabled British forces to transport troops, weapons, and supplies efficiently, while also preventing local rulers from receiving support from neighbouring territories.

(iv) Economic Resources: Britain was an industrialised nation with vast financial resources. These resources enabled the British government and companies to finance military expeditions, maintain soldiers, purchase modern weapons, and sustain administrative activities necessary for the conquest of Nigerian territories.

(v) Activities of British Traders: British traders had established commercial relations with many Nigerian communities before colonisation. Through their trading activities, they acquired valuable knowledge about local politics, geography, and economic resources, which later assisted British officials in planning their conquest.

(vi) Missionary Activities: Christian missionaries introduced Western education and Christianity to many Nigerian communities. Their presence increased British influence and provided useful information about local conditions. In some areas, missionary activities helped create favourable conditions for British political control.

(vii) Treaties and Agreements: The British entered into treaties and agreements with many Nigerian rulers. Although some rulers misunderstood the implications, these treaties were later used by the British as legal justification for interference, occupation, and the extension of colonial authority.

(viii) Decline of Some Nigerian States: Several Nigerian states had become weakened by internal conflicts, civil wars, succession disputes, and external attacks. These problems reduced their military strength and political stability, making it easier for British forces to conquer them with relatively little difficulty.

(ix) Intelligence Gathering: British explorers, missionaries, traders, and consular officials collected detailed information about the geography, resources, political systems, and military capabilities of Nigerian societies. This information enabled the British to plan effective strategies and conduct successful military operations.

(x) Divide and Rule Tactics: The British deliberately exploited existing rivalries and conflicts among Nigerian communities. By supporting certain groups against others and preventing unity among local populations, they weakened resistance and made the conquest of different parts of Nigeria much easier.

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(6)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) They undermined traditional religions and beliefs: Christian missionaries condemned many indigenous religious practices as pagan and discouraged their observance. This led to the decline of traditional worship, weakened the authority of traditional priests, and caused many people to abandon long-established cultural and spiritual values.

(ii) They contributed to the erosion of indigenous culture: Missionaries discouraged certain customs, festivals, dress styles, and social practices which they considered incompatible with Christianity. As a result, many aspects of Nigerian cultural heritage were weakened, while Western values and lifestyles became increasingly dominant.

(iii) They created divisions within communities: The conversion of some individuals to Christianity while others remained adherents of traditional religions often led to disagreements and conflicts. These divisions weakened communal unity and sometimes disrupted long-standing social relationships among members of the same family or community.

(iv) They encouraged the spread of Western influence: Through schools, churches, and missionary activities, Western ideas, values, and institutions were introduced into Nigerian society. This reduced the influence of some indigenous systems and contributed to the gradual replacement of traditional ways of life.

(v) They weakened the authority of traditional rulers: Missionaries often challenged customs and institutions associated with traditional leadership. As more people embraced Christianity, some rulers lost influence over their subjects, especially in matters relating to religion, culture, and social practices.

(vi) They paved the way for colonial domination: Missionary activities increased European presence and influence in many parts of Nigeria. Their work often provided information and support that facilitated the expansion of colonial administration, thereby contributing indirectly to the loss of Nigerian political independence.

(vii) They contributed to the decline of some traditional occupations: Certain occupations and crafts linked to traditional religion, such as carving ritual objects and priestly services, lost importance as Christianity spread. This reduced the demand for such services and affected the livelihood of people who depended on them.

(viii) They caused resistance and occasional conflicts: The efforts of missionaries to abolish practices such as polygamy, traditional festivals, and some customary rites were sometimes opposed by local communities. This led to tensions, disputes, and occasional clashes between converts and non-converts in various parts of Nigeria.

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(7)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Loss of Lives: The Nigerian Civil War resulted in the death of millions of people, including soldiers and civilians. Many lives were lost through fighting, disease, and starvation, leaving numerous families without breadwinners and causing widespread suffering across the country.

(ii) Destruction of Property: The war led to the destruction of houses, schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure. Many towns and villages were devastated by military operations, resulting in enormous economic losses and slowing national development after the conflict.

(iii) Economic Setback: Economic activities were severely disrupted during the war. Trade, agriculture, and industrial production declined significantly, while government resources were diverted to military expenditure, causing economic hardship and delaying the country's development.

(iv) Displacement of People: Millions of Nigerians were forced to flee their homes due to the fighting. Many became refugees or internally displaced persons, leading to overcrowding in safer areas and creating serious social and humanitarian challenges.

(v) Promotion of National Unity: Following the war, the Federal Government introduced policies aimed at promoting reconciliation and national integration. Programmes such as Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, and Reconciliation were designed to heal divisions and strengthen national unity.

(vi) Increased Military Influence: The war strengthened the position of the military in Nigerian politics. Military leaders gained greater authority and influence, leading to prolonged military rule and increased involvement of the armed forces in governance.

(vii) Humanitarian Crisis: The conflict created severe humanitarian problems, particularly in the former Biafran territories. Food shortages, malnutrition, and disease affected millions of civilians, attracting international concern and relief efforts during and after the war.

(viii) Reconstruction and Rehabilitation: After the war, the government embarked on extensive reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes. Efforts were made to rebuild damaged infrastructure, restore public services, and reintegrate affected communities into national life.

(ix) Creation of More States: The war contributed to the strengthening of the state creation policy. The creation of states reduced the dominance of major ethnic groups and helped reassure minority groups of greater political representation and protection.

(x) Strengthening of Federal Authority: The victory of the Federal Government reinforced the authority and sovereignty of Nigeria as one indivisible nation. It discouraged future secessionist attempts and strengthened the central government's control over the federation.

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(8)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) He introduced a political transition programme: General Babangida initiated a carefully planned transition process aimed at returning Nigeria to civilian rule. The programme involved the creation of political structures, electoral arrangements, and constitutional reforms designed to prepare the country for democratic governance.

(ii) He established two government-created political parties: The regime created the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the National Republican Convention (NRC). This was intended to reduce ethnic and regional political divisions and encourage broader national participation in the political process.

(iii) He conducted local government elections: The Babangida administration organized elections into local government councils across the country. These elections promoted grassroots participation in governance, strengthened local administration, and provided practical experience for politicians preparing for higher political offices.

(iv) He established the Political Bureau: In 1986, the regime set up a Political Bureau to gather public opinions on Nigeria's future political direction. Its recommendations contributed to constitutional reforms and provided a framework for the country's planned transition to democratic rule.

(v) He created additional states and local government areas: The administration created new states and local governments to bring government closer to the people. This helped improve political representation, promoted administrative efficiency, and gave more communities opportunities to participate in governance.

(vi) He introduced a new constitution: The regime facilitated the drafting of the 1989 Constitution, which was intended to guide the proposed Third Republic. The constitution outlined democratic principles, governmental structures, and citizens' rights, thereby providing a legal foundation for civilian rule.

(vii) He strengthened local government administration: Babangida introduced reforms that granted greater autonomy and responsibilities to local governments. These measures enhanced grassroots governance, improved service delivery, and increased the participation of local communities in political and administrative affairs.

(viii) He conducted presidential and gubernatorial elections: The regime organized elections as part of its transition programme. Although the process was eventually disrupted, the elections encouraged political participation, mobilized citizens, and represented a significant attempt to restore democratic governance in Nigeria.

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(9)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Improvement in access to primary education: The MDGs encouraged increased enrolment in primary schools through government policies and educational support programmes. More children, especially from disadvantaged backgrounds, gained access to basic education, thereby helping to reduce illiteracy and promote human development.

(ii) Promotion of gender equality in education: The MDGs supported efforts to reduce gender disparities in schools by encouraging the enrolment and retention of girls. This improved educational opportunities for females and helped to increase awareness of the importance of women's participation in society.

(iii) Improvement in child healthcare services: The implementation of MDG-related programmes strengthened immunization campaigns and child health initiatives. This contributed to better healthcare delivery for children and helped reduce the incidence of preventable diseases among young Nigerians.

(iv) Increased awareness of maternal health: The MDGs promoted programmes aimed at improving healthcare for pregnant women and nursing mothers. Greater attention was given to antenatal care, safe delivery services, and maternal welfare, leading to gradual improvements in women's health conditions.

(v) Enhanced efforts to combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases: Government and development partners intensified public awareness campaigns on HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. These programmes increased public knowledge, encouraged preventive measures, and improved access to treatment and healthcare services.

(vi) Expansion of access to safe drinking water: MDG programmes supported the provision of boreholes, water schemes, and other community water projects. This improved access to clean water in many areas, reduced water-borne diseases, and enhanced the quality of life of the people.

(vii) Improvement in environmental sanitation: The MDGs encouraged environmental protection and sanitation programmes across various communities. Efforts were made to promote cleaner surroundings, proper waste disposal, and sustainable environmental practices, thereby improving public health and living conditions.

(viii) Strengthening of partnerships for social development: The MDGs encouraged cooperation between the Nigerian government, international organizations, and non-governmental agencies. These partnerships provided resources and technical support for social welfare programmes aimed at improving the living standards of the population.